Identification of copper death-associated molecular clusters and immunological profiles for lumbar disc herniation based on the machine learning

Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a common clinical spinal disorder, yet its etiology remains unclear. We aimed to explore the role of cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) and identify potential diagnostic biomarkers. Our analysis involved interrogating the GSE124272 and GSE150408 datasets for differential gene expression profiles associated with CRGs and immune characteristics. Molecular clustering was performed on LDH samples, followed by expression and immune infiltration analyses. Using the WGCNA algorithm, specific genes within CRG clusters were identified. After selecting the most predictive genes from the optimal model, four machine learning models were constructed and validated. This study identified nine CRGs associated with copper-regulated cell death. Two copper-containing molecular clusters linked to death were detected in LDH samples. Elevated expression and immune infiltration levels were found in LDH patients, particularly in CRG cluster C2. Utilizing XGB, five genes were identified for constructing a diagnostic model, achieving an area under the curve values of 0.715. In conclusion, this research provides valuable insights into the association between LDH and copper-regulated cell death, alongside proposing a promising predictive model.