Optimal Dynamic Ancillary Services Provision Based on Local Power Grid Perception

In this article, we propose a systematic closed-loop approach to provide optimal dynamic ancillary services with converter-interfaced generation systems based on local power grid perception. In particular, we structurally encode dynamic ancillary services such as fast frequency and voltage regulation in the form of a <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">parametric</i> transfer function matrix, which includes several parameters to define a set of different feasible response behaviors, among which we aim to find the optimal one to be realized by the converter system. Our approach is based on a so-called <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">“perceive-and-optimize” (P&amp;O)</i> strategy: First, we identify a grid dynamic equivalent at the interconnection terminals of the converter system. Second, we consider the closed-loop interconnection of the identified grid equivalent and the parametric transfer function matrix, which we optimize for the set of transfer function parameters, resulting in a stable and optimal closed-loop performance for ancillary services provision. In the process, we ensure that grid-code and device-level requirements are satisfied. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in different numerical case studies based on a modified Kundur two-area test system.