All-in-One of Image Encryption, Identity Verification, and Photoelectric Watermark Based on Bidirectionally Photoresponsive Transistors

Herein, In<sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub>O<sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub>/Al<sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub>O<sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub>/Y<sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> transistors exhibiting bidirectional photoresponse (BPR) characteristic were fabricated. By utilizing this feature, XOR optoelectronic logic gate was successfully designed and applied in near-infrared (NIR) image encryption. Furthermore, an identity verification was proposed by binary encoding the current from different NIR and ultraviolet (UV) illumination combinations. Finally, a photoelectric watermark scheme responsive to UV light was proposed leveraging NIR’s non-volatile programming. The integration of a secure sensor strategy that encompasses image encryption, identity verification, and photoelectric watermark addresses the need for enhanced data protection and offering a comprehensive security solution for the Internet of Things (IoT).