Shadow of rotating black holes surrounded by dark fluid with Chaplygin-like equation of state and constraints from EHT results

Abstract In this work, we mainly focus on testing the spacetime properties around black holes surrounded by a dark fluid, which are potential candidates for dark energy described by the Chaplygin-like equation of state through its shadow. To do this, we first study the black hole’s horizon structure and shadow for the non-rotating case. Then, we obtain a rotating black hole solution in the presence of a dark fluid using the generalized Newman–Janis algorithm and study the effects of the black hole spin and the fluid parameters on the black hole horizons. Also, we obtained the shadow cast of the rotating black hole using celestial coordinates and showed that the presence of the dark fluid causes an increase in shadow size. Moreover, we use the shadow size of supermassive black holes Sagittarius A* and M87* from Event Horizon Telescope observations to obtain constraints on the spin, black hole charge, and dark fluid parameters. Lastly, we investigate the energy emission rate of a charged black hole surrounded by a Chaplygin-like dark fluid, comparing it to both rotating and non-rotating cases.