Degradation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene from aqueous solutions by three-dimensional electro-Fenton with magnetic activated carbon particle electrodes (GAC/Fe ₃ O ₄ )

Abstract 2,4-Dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) is a broadly applied nitroaromatic compound with multiple applications, and its simple production has resulted in its extensive utilization in producing explosives, dyes, and rubber. This substance is hazardous and induces genetic mutations in humans, fish, and microorganisms. Thus, this research was done to assess the effectiveness of the three-dimensional electro-Fenton (3D/EF) process employing magnetic activated carbon particle electrodes (GAC/Fe 3 O 4 ) in eliminating 2,4-dinitrotoluene from water-based solutions. In this experimental investigation, Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles were created using the chemical co-precipitation technique. The G/β-PbO 2 anode was fabricated by electrochemically depositing PbO 2 layers on graphite sheets. G/β-PbO 2 and stainless steel were utilized as the anode and cathode, respectively. The structure, particle size, and properties of the GAC/Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposite were analyzed using FESEM, XRD, and EDX. The morphology of the G/β-PbO 2 electrode was also examined using SEM. The Taguchi experimental design method was employed to identify the optimal conditions. The outcomes demonstrated that higher reaction time and current density, as well as lower pH and pollutant concentration, resulted in improved 3D/EF efficiency. Accordingly, the optimum values of parmeters were identified to be a concentration of 2,4-DNT = 50 mg/L, pH = 3, electrolysis time = 100 min, and current density = 8 mA/cm 2 . With these parameters, the degradation efficiency of 2,4-DNT through the examined system was 98.42 %, alongside removal efficiencies of 84.69 % for COD and 79.67 % for TOC. Additionally, the results indicated an increase in the average oxidation state (AOS) (from 1.27 to 1.95) and carbon oxidation state (COS) (from 1.27 to 2.75) in the 3D/EF process, along with a decrease in the COD/TOC ratio (from 1.81 to 1.36), indicating the effectiveness of the 3D/EF system in enhancing the biodegradability of 2,4-DNT. Overall, the combined 3D/EF process with a G/β-PbO 2 anode has relatively high efficiency in degrading solutions containing DNT and can be considered a viable treatment option for wastewater containing substances such as 2,4-DNT.