Optimizing Drone-Based IoT Base Stations in 6G Networks Using the Quasi-opposition-Based Lemurs Optimization Algorithm

The rapid evolution and integration of next-generation Internet-of-things (NG-IoT) applications present new complexities for sixth-generation (6G) mobile communication networks, including the need for extensive connectivity, increased network capacity, and ultralow-latency communications. While ultradense networking, characterized by deploying numerous base stations, offers a potential solution, practical and financial constraints limit its feasibility. Drone-based stations (DBSs) emerge as a flexible alternative, but their optimal positioning remains a critical challenge due to finite energy sources and potential signal degradation. This study introduces a new quasi-opposition-based lemurs optimizer (QOBLO) to address the optimal placement of DBSs in NG-IoT networks. QOBLO combines lemur foraging behaviour with quasi-opposition-based learning to enhance exploration and exploitation in the optimization process. The performance of QOBLO was evaluated across three scenarios and compared with other swarm intelligence algorithms using metrics such as Friedman’s ranking test (FRT) and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (WSRT). Rigorous simulations emulated real-world conditions and varying network demands, testing QOBLO's adaptability and robustness. Results indicate that QOBLO significantly outperforms other algorithms, achieving a top FRT value of 1.234 and demonstrating superior p values in the WSRT. These findings highlight QOBLO's capability to enhance connectivity, coverage, and energy efficiency in 6G environments. The primary contribution of this research is the development of QOBLO, a scalable and efficient method for optimizing DBS deployment. This new approach improves network performance in complex NG-IoT applications, offering a robust solution to the challenges of 6G networks and ensuring enhanced reliability and sustainability of future communication infrastructures.