Thermal Radiation Effects of Convective Flow of a Hybrid Nanofluid with Different Base Fluids in Heat Transfer Over a Stretching Sheet

The study investigates a two-dimensional flow with uniform heat transfer processes in one direction, focusing on velocity profiles, temperature distribution, heat transfer characteristics, and potential effects of parameters on flow behavior of a hybrid nanofluid over a stretching sheet. Nanofluids are engineered colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in a base fluid. In your case, TiO2 and Cu nanoparticles are dispersed in a base fluid consisting of water (H2O) and sodium citrate (NaC6H9O7). This mixture is known as a hybrid nanofluid. Additionally, consideration is given to the components of the magnetic field and nonlinear thermal radiation. The Runge-Kutta fourth-order method is a numerical technique used to solve ordinary differential equations, offering a balance between accuracy and computational efficiency, by simplification of partial differential equations. The results illustrate that significant parameter such as the magnetic parameter, nanoparticles of solid volume fractions, Radiation parameter significantly influence momentum and thermal profiles. These analyses protest that raising the Radiation parameter grounds an increase in the hybrid nanofluid temperature. Moreover, the Casson parameter has decreased the velocity profile in TiO2 - Cu/ sodium alginate hybrid nanofluids. Nonlinear thermal radiation effects become more pronounced at high temperatures. Studying their impact in hybrid nanofluids is essential for applications in high-temperature environments, such as in industrial processes or electronic devices.