Comparative Study of MPPT and PWM Charge Controllers: Designing an Efficient Solution for Small-Scale Solar Installations with Budget Constraints

In the context of the energy transition, optimizing photovoltaic solar systems with charge controllers plays a crucial role in managing the energy produced by solar panels and its storage in batteries. Two dominant technologies are used in this field: MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) and PWM (Pulse Width Modulation). This paper presents an in-depth comparative study of these two technologies, focusing on their efficiency, cost, and suitability for small-scale solar installations, particularly in rural African contexts where budget constraints are significant. The study begins with a detailed literature review, analyzing the operating principles of MPPT and PWM controllers, their respective advantages and disadvantages, and performance under various environmental conditions. Previous studies are examined to identify the conditions under which each type of controller offers the best performance. Empirical data and existing case studies are reviewed to establish a solid comparison base. This analysis is accompanied by tables and graphs illustrating the performance of both types of controllers. Based on the results of this analysis, the paper proposes the design of a PWM charge controller suitable for small solar installations in rural areas with budget constraints. This solution aims to promote energy accessibility while minimizing costs, offering a viable alternative for rural communities with limited resources.