Relation between vitamin D and COVID-19 in Egyptian patients

Abstract Background Insufficient vitamin D (VD) levels have been linked to a higher vulnerability to acute respiratory infections and the severity of COVID-19 sickness. Objective The purpose of this research is to investigate whether or not there is a connection between the amounts of VD produced by patients from Egypt and the severity of COVID-19, as well as the consequences of the disease. Methods This research used a case–control design and included a total of 90 adult patients who had been diagnosed with COVID-19, as well as 90 healthy controls who were matched in terms of age and sex. Patients were classified into mild, moderate, and severe categories according to clinical and radiological criteria. The study included measuring levels of VD and analyzing their relationships with illness severity, inflammatory markers, radiological findings, and outcomes. Results COVID-19 patient(s) had notably reduced levels of serum VD versus the control group (11.78 ± 3.24 ng/mL vs. 20.88 ± 7.76 ng/mL, p < 0.001). Lower VD levels were associated with more severe disease ( p < 0.001), dyspnea ( p < 0.001), radiological abnormalities ( p = 0.001), and higher mortality ( p < 0.001). A serum VD level ≤ 14.8 ng/mL could differentiate COVID-19 patients from controls with 86.67% sensitivity and 77.78% specificity (AUC = 0.881). Conclusions COVID-19 patients often had a deficiency of VD, which was linked to more severe illness, respiratory issues, aberrant radiological findings, and higher fatality rates. VD levels may be used as a biological surrogate marker to assess the risk and predict the outcome of COVID-19.