<scp>ARCIMBOLDO</scp> at low resolution: Verification for coiled coils and globular proteins

Crystallography at low resolution must determine the atomic model from less experimental observations, which is challenging in the absence of a model. In addition, model bias is more severe when independent experimental data are scarce. Our methods solve the phase problem by combining the location of accurate model fragments using Phaser with density modification and interpretation of the resulting maps using SHELXE. From a partial, correct structure, the density modification process and the stereochemical constraints draw the rest of the structure, validating the result. This same principle is now exploited at low resolution. Coiled coils are important, ubiquitous structures but notoriously difficult to phase and to predict. Both correct solutions and incorrect ones are poorly discriminated by the crystallographic figures of merit as long as helices are correctly oriented. We incorporate coiled-coil verification, designed to set up competing, incompatible structural hypotheses to probe both the results and establish the power of the data to discriminate them. Efficiency of coiled-coil phasing and validation in test cases from 3 to 4 Å is demonstrated in ARCIMBOLDO_LITE, placing single helices, and in ARCIMBOLDO_SHREDDER, with fragments derived from AlphaFold models. SHELXE tracing at low resolution has been enhanced, maintaining its local character but extending the environment assessment. For non-helical structures, verification is demonstrated in the fragment location process. Its use is exemplified with the solution of the VSR1 structure at 3.5 Å, depending on LLG optimization and the emergence of new features in the electron density. Relying on verification, we have extended the use of the ARCIMBOLDO software to low resolution.