Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia (SRS) disease dynamics and Atlantic salmon immune response to Piscirickettsia salmonis LF-89 and EM-90 co-infection

In Chile, Piscirickettsia salmonis contains two genetically isolated genogroups, LF-89 and EM-90. However, the impact of a potential co-infection with these two variants on Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia (SRS) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) remains largely unexplored. In our study, we evaluated the effect of P. salmonis LF-89-like and EM-90-like co-infection on post-smolt Atlantic salmon after an intraperitoneal challenge to compare changes in disease dynamics and host immune response. Co-infected fish had a significantly lower survival rate (24.1%) at 21 days post-challenge (dpc), compared with EM-90-like single-infected fish (40.3%). In contrast, all the LF-89-like single-infected fish survived. In addition, co-infected fish presented a higher presence of clinical lesions than any of the single-infected fish. The gene expression of salmon immune-related biomarkers evaluated in the head kidney, spleen, and liver showed that the EM-90-like isolate and the co-infection induced the up-regulation of cytokines (e.g., il-1β, ifnγ, il8, il10), antimicrobial peptides (hepdicin) and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as TLR5s. Furthermore, in serum samples from EM-90-like and co-infected fish, an increase in the total IgM level was observed. Interestingly, specific IgM against P. salmonis showed greater detection of EM-90-like antigens in LF-89-like infected fish serum (cross-reaction). These data provide evidence that P. salmonis LF-89-like and EM-90-like interactions can modulate SRS disease dynamics in Atlantic salmon, causing a synergistic effect that increases the severity of the disease and the mortality rate of the fish. Overall, this study contributes to achieving a better understanding of P. salmonis population dynamics.