Circumstellar Interaction Signatures in the Low-luminosity Type II SN 2021gmj

Abstract We present comprehensive optical observations of SN 2021gmj, a Type II supernova (SN II) discovered within a day of explosion by the Distance Less Than 40 Mpc survey. Follow-up observations show that SN 2021gmj is a low-luminosity SN II (LL SN II), with a peak magnitude M V = −15.45 and an Fe ii velocity of ∼1800 km s −1 at 50 days past explosion. Using the expanding photosphere method, we derive a distance of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>17.8</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.6</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> Mpc. From the tail of the light curve we obtain a radioactive nickel mass of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>56</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mi>Ni</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> = 0.014 ± 0.001 M ⊙ . The presence of circumstellar material (CSM) is suggested by the early-time light curve, early spectra, and high-velocity H α in absorption. Analytical shock-cooling models of the light curve cannot reproduce the fast rise, supporting the idea that the early-time emission is partially powered by the interaction of the SN ejecta and CSM. The inferred low CSM mass of 0.025 M ⊙ in our hydrodynamic-modeling light-curve analysis is also consistent with our spectroscopy. We observe a broad feature near 4600 Å, which may be high-ionization lines of C, N, or/and He ii . This feature is reproduced by radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of red supergiants with extended atmospheres. Several LL SNe II show similar spectral features, implying that high-density material around the progenitor may be common among them.

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Publication Details

Journal
The Astrophysical Journal
Published
2024-08-01
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad4d55
Citations
14
Primary Topic
Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
4.64

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article

Circumstellar Interaction Signatures in the Low-luminosity Type II SN 2021gmj

D. Reichart, M. Lundquist, L. Galbany, Yi Yang et al.
14 citations
The Astrophysical Journal
Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
4.64
article

Circumstellar Interaction Signatures in the Low-luminosity Type II SN 2021gmj

D. Reichart, M. Lundquist, L. Galbany, Yi Yang, Daryl Janzen, Saurabh W. Jha, C. Pellegrino, Nathan Smith, Jeniveve Pearson, Jacob E. Jencson, P. J. Brown, Jennifer E. Andrews, D. Hiramatsu, G. Hosseinzadeh, A. V. Filippenko, Estefania Padilla Gonzalez, F. F. Rosales-Ortega, Yize Dong, Emily Hoang, S. Valenti, S. Wyatt, David J. Sand, WeiKang Zheng, Vladimir Kouprianov, N. Meza, G. Terreran, Thomas G. Brink, Megan Newsome, D. A. Howell, J. Haislip, Manisha Shrestha, K. Azalee Bostroem
article en
14 citations

Abstract

Abstract We present comprehensive optical observations of SN 2021gmj, a Type II supernova (SN II) discovered within a day of explosion by the Distance Less Than 40 Mpc survey. Follow-up observations show that SN 2021gmj is a low-luminosity SN II (LL SN II), with a peak magnitude M V = −15.45 and an Fe ii velocity of ∼1800 km s −1 at 50 days past explosion. Using the expanding photosphere method, we derive a distance of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>17.8</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.6</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> Mpc. From the tail of the light curve we obtain a radioactive nickel mass of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>56</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mi>Ni</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> = 0.014 ± 0.001 M ⊙ . The presence of circumstellar material (CSM) is suggested by the early-time light curve, early spectra, and high-velocity H α in absorption. Analytical shock-cooling models of the light curve cannot reproduce the fast rise, supporting the idea that the early-time emission is partially powered by the interaction of the SN ejecta and CSM. The inferred low CSM mass of 0.025 M ⊙ in our hydrodynamic-modeling light-curve analysis is also consistent with our spectroscopy. We observe a broad feature near 4600 Å, which may be high-ionization lines of C, N, or/and He ii . This feature is reproduced by radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of red supergiants with extended atmospheres. Several LL SNe II show similar spectral features, implying that high-density material around the progenitor may be common among them.

The Astrophysical JournalVol. 971(2)
National Science Foundation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, John Templeton Foundation, Heising-Simons Foundation, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science London, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Agencia Estatal de Investigación, European Social Fund, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology
Openalex Percentile: Top 5%
Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
4.64
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
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