Particularities of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Women – Pathways to Better Care

While heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is more prevalent in males, female predominance is a striking feature in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The incidence of HFpEF has been gaining alarming proportions. It has exceeded HFrEF as the primary form of heart failure, especially in the female sex. Women tend to have smaller cardiac chambers with higher left ventricular ejection fraction; however, they have more severe symptoms and signs. Until now, there is no consensus [...]