Encapsulation of Pd Single-Atom Sites in Zeolite for Highly Efficient Semihydrogenation of Alkynes

Palladium (Pd)-based single-atom catalysts (SACs) have shown outstanding selectivity for semihydrogenation of alkynes, but most Pd single sites coordinated with highly electronegative atoms (such as N, O, and S) of supports will result in a decrease in the electron density of Pd sites, thereby weakening the adsorption of reactants and reducing catalytic performance. Constructing a rich outer-shell electron environment of Pd single-atom sites by changing the coordination structure offers a novel opportunity to enhance the catalytic efficiency with excellent alkene selectivity. Therefore, in this work, we first propose the in situ preparation of isolated Pd sites encapsulated within Al/Si-rich ZSM-5 structure using the one-pot seed-assisted growth method. Pd₁@ZSM-5 features Pd-O-Al/Si bonds, which can boost the domination of d-electron near the Fermi level, thereby promoting the adsorption of substrates on Pd sites and reducing the energy barrier for the semihydrogenation of alkynes. In semihydrogenation of phenylacetylene, Pd₁@ZSM-5 catalyst performs the highest turnover frequency (TOF) value of 33582 mol_C═C/mol_Pd/h with 96% selectivity of styrene among the reported heterogeneous catalysts and nearly 17-fold higher than that of the commercial Lindlar catalyst (1992 mol_C═C/mol_Pd/h). This remarkable catalytic performance can be retained even after 6 cycles of usage. Particularly, the zeolitic confinement structure of Pd₁@ZSM-5 enables precise shape-selective catalysis for alkyne reactants with a size less than 4.3 Å.