Characterizing upper limb motor dysfunction with temporal and spatial distribution of muscle synergy extracted from high-density surface electromyography

<i>Objective.</i>To promote the development of objective and comprehensive motion function assessment for patients, based on high-density surface electromyography (HD-sEMG), this study investigates the temporal and spatial variations of neuromuscular activities related to upper limb motor dysfunction.<i>Approach.</i>Patients with unilateral upper limb motor dysfunction and healthy controls were enrolled in the study. HD-sEMG was collected from both arms while they were performing eight hand and wrist movements. Muscle synergies were extracted from the HD-sEMG. Symmetry of bilateral upper limb synergies and synergy differences between motions were proposed as spatial indicators to measure alterations in synergy spatial distribution. Additionally, as a temporal characteristic, the correlation of bilateral upper limb activation coefficient was proposed to describe the coordination control of the central nervous system. All temporal and spatial indicators were compared between patients and healthy subjects.<i>Main results.</i>The patients showed a significant decrease (<i>p</i>< 0.05) in the symmetry of bilateral upper limb synergy spatial distribution and correlation of bilateral upper limb activation coefficient. Patients with motor dysfunction also showed an increase in synergy similarity between motions, indicating altered spatial distribution of muscle synergies.<i>Significance.</i>These findings provide valuable insights into specific patterns associated with motor dysfunction, informing motor function assessment, and guiding targeted interventions and rehabilitation strategies for neurologically disordered patients.