East meet West: the Balinese <i>undagi</i> -Dutch architect cross-cultural design collaborations in Bali early colonial era (1910-1918)

This research investigates the cross-cultural design collaborations between Balinese undagi (traditional master builders) and Dutch architects during the early colonial period in Bali (1910-1918). Focusing on three key projects—the Bali Museum (1910), the Bali-Lombok Pavilion at the Colonial Exhibition in Semarang (1914), and the Post-Earthquake Besakih Temple Restoration Project (1918)—this study explores the dialogue and knowledge exchange that occurred despite the prevailing East-West dichotomy. By employing a historical approach within the global design history paradigm, the research reveals how shared goals, constructive dialogue, and mutual respect facilitated successful architectural collaborations. These collaborations not only preserved traditional Balinese architecture but also integrated modern techniques and project management practices introduced by the Dutch. The findings underscore the resilience and adaptability of Balinese undagi, highlighting the broader implications for contemporary architectural practices and policies. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of colonial architectural impacts and the enduring legacy of cross-cultural design exchanges.