Study on the microbiome and resistome of wild and captive Guizhou golden monkeys (Rhinopithecus brelichi) in China

The knowledge of gut microbial information helps evaluate the nutrition and health of the host and can be used as an important tool for improving wildlife conservation and management. Guizhou golden monkey ( Rhinopithecus brelichi ) is on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN 2023) Red List. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the difference of gut microbiome and resistome among three different groups of Guizhou golden monkeys using a metagenome approach, thus providing valuable insights and tools for management of captive golden monkeys. Fecal samples of Guizhou golden monkeys were collected from three places including Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve in Guizhou ( n =3, Wild), Panxi wildlife rescue center in Guizhou ( n =3, CapGZ), and Beijing Zoo ( n =3, CapBJ). Fecal DNA was extracted and libraries were prepared and then were sequenced on Illumina PE150 platform with 2 × 150 bp paired reads. The results showed that wild Guizhou golden monkeys had lower abundance of Firmicutes , Uroviricota , Spirochaetes , Fibrobacterota , Campylobacterota , and Candidatus Melainabacteria and higher abundance Proteobacteria , Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria than the two groups of captive monkeys. PCoA analysis showed that fecal samples from three groups could be distinctly separated. Wild monkeys had significantly higher abundance of genes associated with metabolic function, including carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins. Among the top 20 ARGs analyzed, more ARGs were detected in the wild monkeys than the rest two groups. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of microbiomes and resistome in wild and captive Guizhou golden monkeys. The data is important for improving the health, management, and conservation of Guizhou golden monkeys based on the deviations in gut microbiome. It also establishes the scientific foundation for future comparative studies on the gut microbiome and resistome of Guizhou golden monkeys and other closely related Rhinopithecus species.