The importance of detachment processes in modeling crystallization fouling

Crystallization fouling poses significant safety, operational, economic, and environmental challenges. Therefore, it is imperative to mitigate crystallization fouling using accurate prediction models. Numerous prediction models fail to predict observed fouling rates, and this discrepancy may be attributable to the neglect or oversimplification of detachment processes. In this work, we present a comprehensive review of the significance of detachment processes in crystallization fouling. We first detail the evolution of the incorporation of detachment terms in fouling models. We demonstrate through an extensive review of published experimental studies that current models are oversimplified due to their failure to account for key surface properties. We then address the role of hydrodynamics in detachment processes. We explore the interactions between shear forces and the adhesion strength of the fouling layer, and propose a qualitative three-regime conceptual model to address the lack of consensus in the literature. We provide practical recommendations for fouling mitigation through the intentional promotion of detachment processes. Finally, we identify key areas for further research to develop more accurate models for crystallization fouling processes.