Nanoparticle-Enhanced Fish Feed: Benefits and Challenges

Aquaculture production is continuously increasing, consequently increasing the demand for feed. Unfortunately, the reliance on fish meal and fish oil also raises sustainability issues due to overfishing and resource depletion. Nanoparticle-enhanced feed presents a promising solution to these challenges. Nanoparticles, with their large surface area-to-volume ratio and encapsulation capabilities, significantly improve nutrient delivery, absorption, and utilization, enhancing growth and health. Their immune-modulatory and antimicrobial properties reduce antibiotic use and support sustainability. This review explores different nanoparticles in fish feed, including metal-based, non-metal-based, and composite types, each offering benefits for fish growth and health. It highlights the advantages of nanoparticle-enhanced feed, such as improved nutrient delivery, immune enhancement, antimicrobial action, stress reduction, and environmental sustainability. Concerns like potential toxicity, safety, bioaccumulation, and environmental impacts of nanoparticles, together with measures of addressing these concerns, are also highlighted. The review concludes with insights into future research directions.