Modeling of Coupled Structural Electromagnetic Statistical Concept for Examining Performance Sensitivity of Antenna Array to Distortion at Millimeter-Wave

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) antenna arrays are pivotal components in modern wireless communication systems, offering high data rates and improved spectrum efficiency. However, the performance of mmWave antenna arrays can be significantly affected by structural distortions, such as mechanical deformations and environmental conditions, which may lead to deviations in beamforming characteristics and radiation patterns. In this paper, we present a comprehensive sensitivity study of mmWave antenna arrays to structural distortion, employing a coupled structural–electromagnetic statistical concept. The proposed model integrates structural analysis techniques with electromagnetic simulations to assess the impact of structural distortions on the performance of mmWave antenna arrays. In addition, the model incorporates random element positioning, making it easy to analyze radiation pattern sensitivity to structural deformation. Demonstrating the applicability of the model, a 10 × 10 microstrip patch antenna array is designed to assess the performance of the model with a random position error and saddle shape distortion. The results of the model are then compared against the acceptable results from the HFSS software (version 13.0), where a good agreement is observed between the two results. The results show the gain variation and sidelobe level under various degrees of distortion and random errors, respectively. These results provide a guide for design, deployment, and optimization of mmWave communication networks in real-world environments. In addition, the model provides valuable insights into the trade-offs between antenna performance, structural integrity, and system reliability, paving the way for more efficient and dependable mmWave communication systems in the era of 5G and beyond.