Environmental DNA Reveals the Impact of Submarine Groundwater Discharge on the Spatial Variability of Coastal Fish Diversity

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) has recently been recognized as an influential factor in coastal ecosystems; however, little research has been conducted on its effects on coastal fish diversity. To investigate the relationship between SGD and fish diversity, we conducted a survey at the coastal island scale using the environmental DNA (eDNA) method. Our findings indicate that fish species richness and functional richness peak at stations with high SGD. Environmental variables, such as salinity, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentration, and SGD, significantly influence fish diversity. Carnivore fish richness was negatively correlated with salinity, while planktivore fish richness was positively correlated. Additionally, SGD and DIN concentrations were found to be crucial in shaping omnivorous and pelagic communities, respectively. This study highlights the role of SGD in enhancing nutrient conditions favorable for diverse fish communities and demonstrates the effectiveness of eDNA metabarcoding for rapid marine biodiversity assessment. These findings provide valuable insights for coastal ecosystem monitoring and management.