Identifying Key Sources for Air Pollution and CO₂ Emission Co-control in China

China is confronting the dual challenges of air pollution and climate change, mandating the co-control of air pollutants and CO₂ emissions from their shared sources. Here we identify key sources for co-control that prioritize the mitigation of PM_2.5-related health burdens, given the homogeneous impacts of CO₂ emissions from various sources. By applying an integrated analysis framework that consists of a detailed emission inventory, a chemical transport model, a multisource fused dataset, and epidemiological concentration-response functions, we systematically evaluate the contribution of emissions from 390 sources (30 provinces and 13 socioeconomic sectors) to PM_2.5-related health impacts and CO₂ emissions, as well as the marginal health benefits of CO₂ abatement across China. The estimated source-specific contributions exhibit substantial disparities, with the marginal benefits varying by 3 orders of magnitude. The rural residential, transportation, metal, and power and heating sectors emerge as pivotal sources for co-control, with regard to their relatively large marginal benefits or the sectoral total benefits. In addition, populous and heavily industrialized provinces such as Shandong and Henan are identified as the key regions for co-control. Our study highlights the significance of incorporating health benefits into formulating air pollution and carbon co-control strategies for improving the overall social welfare.