Effect of Terminal Phosphate Groups on Collisional Dissociation of RNA Oligonucleotide Anions

The increasing need for mass spectrometric analysis of RNA molecules calls for a better understanding of their gas-phase fragmentation behaviors. In this study, we investigate the effect of terminal phosphate groups on the fragmentation spectra of RNA oligonucleotides (oligos) using high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS). Negative-ion mode collision-induced dissociation (CID) and higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) were carried out on RNA oligos containing a terminal phosphate group on either end, both ends, or neither end. We find that terminal phosphate groups affect the fragmentation behavior of RNA oligos in a way that is dependent on the precursor charge state and the oligo length. Specifically, for precursor ions of RNA oligos of the same sequence, those with 5'- or 3'-phosphate, or both, have a higher charge state distribution and lose the phosphate group(s) in the form of a neutral (H₃PO₄ or HPO₃) or an anion ([H₂PO₄]^- or [PO₃]^-) upon CID or HCD. Such a neutral or charged loss is most conspicuous for precursor ions of an intermediate charge state, e.g., 3^- for 4-nt oligos or 4^- and 5^- for 8-nt oligos. This decreases the intensity of sequencing ions (<i>a-</i>, <i>a-B</i>, <i>b-</i>, <i>c-</i>, <i>d-</i>, <i>w-</i>, <i>x-</i>, <i>y-</i>, <i>z-</i>ions) and hence is unfavorable for sequencing by CID or HCD. Removal of terminal phosphate groups by calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase improved MS analysis of RNA oligos. Additionally, the intensity of a fragment ion at <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 158.925, which we identified as a dehydrated pyrophosphate anion ([HP₂O₆]^-), is markedly increased by the presence of a terminal phosphate group. These findings expand the knowledge base necessary for software development for MS analysis of RNA.