“We Follow the Disinformation”: Conceptualizing and Analyzing Fact-Checking Cultures Across Countries

Democratic societies inherently depend on an informed citizenry. By shaping citizens' voting behavior, fostering political cynicism, and reducing trust in institutions, misinformation can pose significant challenges to individuals and societies. Against this backdrop, fact-checking initiatives aimed at verifying the accuracy of publicly disseminated (mis)information have flourished worldwide. However, existing research is disproportionately oriented toward the Global North, with a focus on the United States and the most influential organizations. Equally scarce are comparative studies. To address these shortcomings, this study introduces a <i>context-sensitive framework</i> for analyzing fact-checking cultures and illustrates its application in a <i>cross-national comparative design</i> by contrasting two countries from the Global South and North: Brazil and Germany. Using a mixed-methods design, we integrate computational, qualitative, and quantitative content analysis of 11 fact-checking organizations and 13,498 fact-checking articles over 11 years (2013-2023), alongside qualitative semistructured interviews with fact-checkers (<i>N</i> = 10). Our findings reveal several areas of divergence and convergence, suggesting that fact-checking cultures transcend organizational and national boundaries.