Unveiling the Dynamics and Sustainability of the Nubian Aquifer System in El-Marashda, Egypt Through Geophysical, and Hydrogeochemical Investigations

Abstract This research investigates the geophysical, hydrogeochemical, and geological characteristics of the Nubian Aquifer System in the El-Marashda area, located beneath the Eastern Sahara Desert in northeastern Africa. The primary objective is identifying the aquifer geometry, assessing groundwater quality, and evaluating environmental pollution levels. A Magnetotelluric survey was employed to examine the subsurface geological composition and electrical resistivity characteristics of the aquifer system. The study revealed a freshwater-saturated Nubian Sandstone layer at depths between 986 and 1009 m with resistivity values of 101 to 182 Ohm.m, indicating a substantial and potentially sustainable groundwater resource. Overlying limestone and Marly Limestone layers influence the aquifer’s permeability and storage capacity. The chemical analysis of water from three wells showed suitability for drinking and irrigation, with no sodium and magnesium levels hazards. The Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) and Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) indicated low to medium contamination, posing potential environmental health risks. Human health risk assessments using USEPA methodology found acceptable non-carcinogenic risks, with Hazard Quotients (HQs) for heavy metals below 1 and a negligible Hazard Index (HI). The comprehensive investigation underscores the potential for sustainable groundwater utilization in El-Marashda. It highlights the aquifer’s suitability for irrigation, with low contamination levels and minimal health risks. These findings provide a foundation for informed and sustainable water resource management, environmental protection, and resilient infrastructure development in the region. The methodologies and results align with global standards, demonstrating their applicability in globally diverse geological contexts. This research contributes valuable baseline data for future studies and monitoring efforts, whether at local or global sites, emphasizing the importance of continued investigation to ensure sustainable groundwater management.