Research Progress on PGE and Retrograde Signaling Under Environmental Stress

Plastid gene expression (PGE) and retrograde signaling are pivotal processes in plant cellular function, particularly under environmental stress conditions. This literature review synthesizes current research on the role of PGE and retrograde signaling in plant stress responses. Environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures significantly alter PGE and trigger retrograde signaling pathways, which in turn modulate nuclear gene expression to maintain cellular homeostasis. Key insights include the identification of the GENOMES UNCOUPLED (GUN) proteins, especially GUN1, as crucial mediators that accumulate under stress and interact with plastid proteins to transmit signals to the nucleus. Technological advances in genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics have provided comprehensive insights into these mechanisms, highlighting the dynamic nature of plant stress responses. Understanding these processes offers potential strategies for enhancing crop resilience through genetic engineering and other biotechnological interventions. This review underscores the importance of continued research in this field to improve crop productivity and sustainability under adverse environmental conditions.