Using Extracted Sugars from Spoiled Date Fruits as a Sustainable Feedstock for Ethanol Production by New Yeast Isolates

This study focuses on investigating sugar recovery from spoiled date fruits (SDF) for sustainable ethanol production using newly isolated yeasts. Upon their isolation from different food products, yeast strains were identified through PCR amplification of the D1/D2 region and subsequent comparison with the GenBank database, confirming isolates KKU30, KKU32, and KKU33 as <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>; KKU21 as <i>Zygosaccharomyces rouxii</i>; and KKU35m as <i>Meyerozyma guilliermondii</i>. Optimization of sugar extraction from SDF pulp employed response surface methodology (RSM), varying solid loading (20-40%), temperature (20-40 °C), and extraction time (10-30 min). Linear models for sugar concentration (R1) and extraction efficiency (R2) showed relatively high R² values, indicating a good model fit. Statistical analysis revealed significant effects of temperature and extraction time on extraction efficiency. The results of batch ethanol production from SDF extracts using mono-cultures indicated varying consumption rates of sugars, biomass production, and ethanol yields among strains. Notably, <i>S. cerevisiae</i> strains exhibited rapid sugar consumption and high ethanol productivity, outperforming <i>Z. rouxii</i> and <i>M. guilliermondii</i>, and they were selected for scaling up the process at fed-batch mode in a co-culture. Co-cultivation resulted in complete sugar consumption and higher ethanol yields compared to mono-cultures, whereas the ethanol titer reached 46.8 ± 0.2 g/L.