Spatial and temporal distribution and environmental determinants of freeze-thaw erosion intensity in Qiangtang grasslands, China

Context Analysing freeze-thaw erosion is of great significance to ecological environment protection and land resource utilisation in high altitude areas. Aims We used seven indicators (temperature, precipitation, vegetation cover, elevation, slope, slope orientation, and sand content) to calculate the freeze-thaw erosion intensity index for different seasons from 2000 to 2019. Methods We used a graded weighted evaluation model and a geographical detector method to analyse spatiotemporal pattern and driving factors of freeze-thaw erosion intensity in Qiangtang grasslands. Key results (1) From 2000 to 2019, the total area of freeze-thaw erosion was higher in the non-growing season than in the growing season. The area of moderate and above-average freeze-thaw erosion increased over time in the non-growing season but decreased in the growing season. The spatial distribution of freeze-thaw erosion was mainly determined by the annual range of precipitation and temperature, which reflect the intensity and frequency of freezing and thawing cycles. (2) Vegetation cover was an indirect factor that influenced the soil moisture and stability. The slope was another important factor that affected the spatial distribution of freeze-thaw erosion in different regions. Conclusions The results show that in 2000–2019 the area of freeze-thaw erosion showed a downward trend. The erosion degree in the non-growing season is on the rise. Implications Our study provides new insights into the dynamics and mechanisms of freeze-thaw erosion in Qiangtang grasslands and contributes to the understanding and management of water and climate change impacts on this region.