Reproductive Biology and Rearing Improvements of Apanteles opuntiarum, Potential Biocontrol Agent of the Argentine Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum

The cactus moth, <i>Cactoblastis cactorum</i> (Berg) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is native to South America and has been used as a biocontrol agent of <i>Opuntia</i> (Cactaceae) in Australia and South Africa. Its invasion in North America has raised concerns for the native <i>Opuntia</i> in the USA and Mexico. We investigated the reproductive biology and rearing procedures of a host-specific potential biocontrol agent, <i>Apanteles opuntiarum</i> Martínez and Berta (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Given the gregarious nature of the parasitoid larvae, we studied the morphology of the immature stages and evaluated evidence of polyembryony and superparasitism. We also investigated the effects of host exposure arena and host density on parasitism rates and wasp production. The morphological descriptions provide a basis for comparison with other species. Early larval instars of <i>A. opuntiarum</i> are similar to other microgastrine immature stages. However, the mature larva exhibits placoid sensilla in the epistomal region, a unique character not previously reported. We provide evidence that <i>A. opuntiarum</i> eggs are not polyembryonic; females frequently superparasitize and have an oviposition preference for larvae parasitized 1-2 d previously. Exposing larvae of <i>C. cactorum</i> to wasps while inside the cactus resulted in lower parasitism and fewer offspring from each host than exposing larvae in the arena without the cactus. Parasitism and mortality rates were higher at lower host densities, possibly due to reduced host group defensive behavior. These results suggest that preference for superparasitism, host defensive behavior, and interactions with the cactus may play an important role in per-host wasp production under laboratory conditions.