Precious-Metal-Free Mo-MXene Catalyst Enabling Facile Ammonia Synthesis Via Dual Sites Bridged by H-Spillover

To date, NH₃ synthesis under mild conditions is largely confined to precious Ru catalysts, while nonprecious metal (NPM) catalysts are confronted with the challenge of low catalytic activity due to the inverse relationship between the N₂ dissociation barrier and NH_<i>x</i> (<i>x</i> = 1-3) desorption energy. Herein, we demonstrate NPM (Co, Ni, and Re)-mediated Mo₂CT_<i>x</i> MXene (where T_<i>x</i> denotes the OH group) to achieve efficient NH₃ synthesis under mild conditions. In particular, the NH₃ synthesis rate over Re/Mo₂CT_<i>x</i> and Ni/Mo₂CT_<i>x</i> can reach 22.4 and 21.5 mmol g^-1 h^-1 at 400 °C and 1 MPa, respectively, higher than that of NPM-based catalysts and Cs-Ru/MgO ever reported. Experimental and theoretical studies reveal that Mo⁴⁺ over Mo₂CT_<i>x</i> has a strong ability for N₂ activation; thus, the rate-determining step is shifted from conventional N₂ dissociation to NH₂* formation. NPM is mainly responsible for H₂ activation, and the high reactivity of spillover hydrogen and electron transfer from NPM to the N-rich Mo₂CT_<i>x</i> surface can efficiently facilitate nitrogen hydrogenation and the subsequent desorption of NH₃. With the synergistic effect of the dual active sites bridged by H-spillover, the NPM-mediated Mo₂CT_<i>x</i> catalysts circumvent the major obstacle, making NH₃ synthesis under mild conditions efficient.