Review of launcher lift-off noise prediction and mitigation

This article provides a comprehensive overview of noise prediction and mitigation methodologies within the context of rocket launch events. The first section presents noise sources generated during the launch and the methods employed for aeroacoustic prediction. In particular, we focus on various prediction approaches, including semi-empirical models, sub-scale experiments, and numerical models. The second section centers on the vibroacoustic study of the payload fairing, introducing the core numerical models used to analyze the fairing's acoustic response. These models consist of the Finite Element Method, the Boundary Element Method, and the Statistical Energy Analysis Method. Finally, we review acoustic mitigation during launch events. This section categorizes mitigation techniques into those acting at the fairing cover, such as sound-absorbing materials, and those acting at the launch platform, such as water injection. Each technology's acoustic performance and its respective advantages and disadvantages are summarized. Furthermore, we introduce acoustic metamaterials based on Helmholtz resonators (HR), which serve as the technological foundation for acoustic metamaterials and hold the potential for application in actual launch vehicles.