High-performance binary to gray code converter: balancing energy use and thermal stability

Abstract Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is an advanced technology in quantum electronics, leveraging quantum cells as its fundamental unit. This article introduces a design for a Binary to Gray (BG) code converter using the QCA technology. The proposed design uses fewer cells than previous models and extends the bit size capability to five bits in a single layer to minimize complexity and improve efficiency. The primary goal is to develop energy and thermal efficient BG code converters. These designs achieve a cell count reduction of 45.16% for two-bit, 29.54% for three-bit, and 25.45% for four-bit converters while improving the overall area by 41.17%, 29.54%, and 40% for two-bit,three-bit, and four-bit converters, respectively, with a latency of 0.5. The 55-cell, five-bit BG converter takes up 0.07 μ m 2 and has a latency of 0.5. Comprehensive simulations were conducted using the QCADesigner, QCADesignerE 2.0.3, and QCA Pro tools to validate the proposed design’s functionality.