Comparison of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Live and Video Models Observation on Basketball Dribbling and Shooting Skills in 13-15-Year-Old Females

Background: In recent years, there has been various research on observational learning and its different characteristics and methods through live and video models. Objectives: In this regard, the aim of the current research was to compare the observation of live and video models of the the homogeneous or heterogeneous on basketball dribbling and shooting performance. Methods: Forty-eight 13 - 15-year-old (14 ± 2) female students were randomly assigned into four groups (observing a live female model, a live male model, a female video model, and a male video model). The research was conducted in three phase: (1) pre-test, (2) post-test, and (3) retention test. In the pre-test, the subjects of all four groups performed the dribble and basketball shot test, then observed the implementation of these skills in one of the four models according to the group they were in. After observing the model, the individuals in each group were given a post-test and a retention test after 24 hours. Results: The results showed that in both dribbling and shooting skills, observing the live man model had a greater effect on the acquisition and learning of skills, whereas observing the video models of both men and women had no significant effect on the acquisition and learning of the desired skills. Conclusions: The results showed us that observing a live model is better than a video model, and a model of the opposite sex is more effective than a model of the same sex for femals.