Interpreting Controls of Stomatal Conductance across Different Vegetation Types via Machine Learning

Plant stomata regulate transpiration (T) and CO2 assimilation, essential for the water–carbon cycle. Quantifying how environmental factors influence stomatal conductance will provide a scientific basis for understanding the vegetation–atmosphere water–carbon exchange process and water use strategies. Based on eddy covariance and hydro-metrological observations from FLUXNET sites with four plant functional types and using three widely applied methods to estimate ecosystem T from eddy covariance data, namely uWUE, Perez-Priego, and TEA, we quantified the regulation effect of environmental factors on canopy stomatal conductance (Gs). The environmental factors considered here include radiation (net radiation and solar radiation), water (soil moisture, relative air humidity, and vapor pressure deficit), temperature (air temperature), and atmospheric conditions (CO2 concentration and wind speed). Our findings reveal variation in the influence of these factors on Gs across biomes, with air temperature, relative humidity, soil water content, and net radiation being consistently significant. Wind speed had the least influence. Incorporating the leaf area index into a Random Forest model to account for vegetation phenology significantly improved model accuracy (R2 increased from 0.663 to 0.799). These insights enhance our understanding of the primary factors influencing stomatal conductance, contributing to a broader knowledge of vegetation physiology and ecosystem functioning.