A novel lightning mast layout to eliminate shading effect on PV panels

• Shading on PV panels impacts system output power. • Adequate lightning protection reduces the risk of damage during storm conditions. • Lightning masts are crucial for PV system compliance with standards. Globally, solar energy technologies are increasingly being implemented. The appeal of photovoltaic (PV) systems lies in their ability to efficiently convert sunlight into electricity, making them popular among homeowners, manufacturers, and businesses. To maximize the output of a PV system, it is crucial to install the panels in a location with ample sunlight exposure and minimal shading. Typically, PV panels are mounted on rooftops to avoid shading which exposes the system to the risk of lightning strikes during storms. To mitigate this risk, engineers implement direct lightning protection measures. This paper focuses solely on direct lightning protection methods, discussing the importance of the earth grid and the factors influencing its effectiveness. Additionally, the paper introduces a new layout for lightning masts for PV systems with back-to-back east and west panel orientations where space constraints limit the separation of PV rows. This approach is considered novel as it cannot be found in any published peer-reviewed works. A detailed case study is also presented which supports the introduced equations when it comes to design and compliance to direct lightning strikes. Additionally, the implementation of equations 2 to 12 simplifies the work for designers to ensure lightning compliance using the rolling sphere method.