Low-Temperature Ferromagnetic Order in a Two-Level Layered Co²⁺ Material

The magnetic properties of a 2D layered material consisting of high-spin Co²⁺ complexes, [Co(NH₃NH₂)₂(H₂O)₂Cl₂]Cl₂ (<b>CoHyd</b> _<b>2</b> <b>Cl</b> _<b>4</b> ), have been extensively characterized using electron paramagnetic resonance, magnetic susceptibility, and low-temperature heat capacity measurements. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy studies suggest that below 50 K, the <i>J</i> = 3/2 orbital triplet state of Co is gradually depopulated in favor of the <i>J</i> = 1/2 spin state, which is dominant below 20 K. In light of this, the magnetic susceptibility has been fitted with a two-level model, indicating that the interactions in this material are much weaker than previously thought. This two-level model is unable to fit the data at low temperatures and, combined with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, suggests that ferromagnetic interactions between Co²⁺ cations in the <i>J</i> = 1/2 state become significant approaching 2 K. Heat capacity measurements suggest the emergence of a long-range ordered state below 246 mK, which neutron diffraction confirms to be ferromagnetic.