Southern Ocean heat buffer constrained by present-day ENSO teleconnection

The heat storage capacity of Southern Ocean (SO) buffers future atmospheric warming but differs vastly across climate models. Reducing its projection uncertainty is vital for understanding and evaluating future global sustainability. Using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6, we show that the present-day SO high-latitude easterly wind anomalies induced by El Niño is an effective constraint for the projected increase in SO heat content. Models simulating weaker El Niño-induced easterlies generate more equatorward atmospheric teleconnection in the present day. Under global warming, these models have greater capacity in the poleward shift of atmospheric circulation, thus generate stronger future increase in El Niño-induced high-latitude easterlies, slowing the SO heat storage by weakening the northward Ekman transport that underpins the dynamical process for SO heat storage. However, most models overestimate the present-day El Niño-induced easterlies, implying that alleviating this bias would reduce future SO heat storage, thus exacerbating atmospheric warming.