Application of hybrid systems for sustainable energy consumption

Abstract A hybrid system is generally a complex combination of different compounds which are connected in accordance with specific rules and controlled by specific algorithms and/or strategies. Indeed, any distribution and usage of the various components can be identified as a hybrid system. Moreover, any device in which different parts are properly combined to fulfill specific demands, even if they are not exchangeable and do not connect with each other, can be classified as a hybrid system. Due to its high energy consumption, the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system often represents the main cause of the high energy requirements of many industries. Another field where hybrid concepts could be applied is related to the design of intelligent and custom applications, such as smart buildings. In this application, the current smart concepts, which are generally designed using different technologies configured in a stand-alone mode, are combined to obtain more efficient systems.