Design of hospitals for the post-pandemic era: an international survey of design professionals on infection control design strategies

The COVID-19 pandemic placed unpreceded stress on healthcare systems, highlighting their deficiencies and vulnerabilities. The risk of cross-infection among patients and healthcare workers increased significantly, hindering the overall healthcare process. Hospital design should meet the challenges that will be posed by future pandemics, especially infection control. This paper reports on the results of an online survey for healthcare design professionals and academics from across the globe. The questionnaire addressed how hospital design can contribute to the infection control during future pandemic situations. Respondents agreed that the benefits of designing hospitals to meet the needs of pandemic/emergency situations outweigh the additional cost, and that infection control should play a more pronounced role when designing hospitals for the coming era. Results indicate that the overall organization of hospitals should allow for the compartmentation of critical/isolation departments/units and the creation of separate circulation routes to suit this compartmentation during pandemic times. The circulation system of the emergency departments and Intensive Care Units (ICU) should allow for the separation of infectious patients from others during pandemic times. 20–30% of the ICU beds of tertiary level care hospitals should be designed as single patient rooms. 53% of these rooms should be easily convertible to Air-Borne-Infection Isolation (AII) rooms, 44% should have an additional space for adding anterooms during pandemics, and 55% of these rooms should have permanent storage spaces for Personal Protective Equipment. The inpatient units should also be designed to support infection control. AII rooms should be grouped in designated inpatient units.