Four questions to assess attitudes toward epilepsy, the caveness questions: Analytical study to verify the usefulness of the Japanese version

We evaluated the utility of the Japanese version of the CQs, demonstrating its effectiveness for assessing treatment strategies in stigma reduction and enabling cross-cultural comparisons of attitudes towards epilepsy. In large-scale social surveys, the CQs-J scale effectively captures broad attitudes toward epilepsy with a limited number of items and offers the advantage of ease of use for longitudinal studies, such as tracking changes in attitudes over time. Furthermore, we expect the CQs-J results to facilitate in-depth cross-cultural comparisons of attitudes toward epilepsy by comparing them across different cultures.