State of Exception or the New Normal? An Evaluation of Pandemic Tracking Technologies and Their Implications for Citizenship

Abstract This article forms a critical examination of how the increased digitalization of daily life, exemplified by pandemic digital technologies of tracking apps and digital Covid-19 passports, affects ethical principles of privacy, subjectivity and autonomy, fundamental in a traditional notion of citizenship. The pandemic crisis has been an example of the increasing use of automated technologies across various domains, where society has become deeply reliant on these technologies. I argue that in ethical terms, the pandemic crisis has moved the borders of what is accepted by governments and citizens and have normalised far-reaching tools of registration, calculation, and surveillance. The pandemic state of exception has necessitated and legalised a temporary suspension of normal civil rights and replaced them with spatial ordering, automated surveillance, and the application of advanced and intrusive digital monitoring tools. Based on an empirical account of tracking apps I discuss the consequences for citizenship based on two theoretical figures: Michel Foucault´s concept of “bio-politics” and the concept of “a state of exception” as theorized by German political philosopher Carl Schmidt. Where traditional concepts of citizenships have focused on individual rights, responsibilities and articipation in civic life, bio-politics emphasizes a management and regulation of populations with less focus on individual agency and more on statistical analysis and control mechanisms. Technologies and discourses of automation are inter-related; digital innovation legitimize and strengthen an adherent automation of political logics, framed as a politics of necessity, where calculative predictions and technological facts leave little room for political subjectivity and values. In the concluding section it is discussed whether the rapid automation catalyzed by the pandemic was a state of emergency, necessitated by a pandemic threat, or rather represents a more profound change, a new normal for citizenship.