Origin and evolution of antigen receptor gene diversity

<p indent="0mm">The immune system can be divided into innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Since key organs and molecules of adaptive immunity, such as the thymus and the major histocompatibility complex, are present only in jawed vertebrates, they are considered an evolutionary innovation in vertebrates. Their origin has attracted substantial attention in the field of evolutionary biology and immunology. This review focuses on recent advancements made in the mechanism and evolution of antigen receptor gene diversity, specifically in the transposon origin of V(D)J rearrangement and host domestication mechanism of the <italic>RAGL</italic> transposons. This study also summarizes the research progress on <italic>VLR</italic> and other immune receptors with diversity in distinct evolutionary stages. This study delves into the evolutionary trajectory of antigen receptor gene diversity and provides new insights and technologies in the healthcare field.