Synergistically enhancing the piezoelectric activity and Curie temperature of CaBi ₄Ti ₄O ₁₅ ceramics via co-doping Gd/Mn at the A/B-site

As a typical Aurivillius-type compound, CaBi₄Ti₄O₁₅(CBT) is considered as a strong competitor among the high-temperature piezoelectric materials, but it is hard to achieve both high piezoelectric activity and high Curie temperature for CBT. In this work, the method of double-ions co-substituting at different crystalline sites was tried to modify the electrical properties of CBT. A kind of Gd/Mn co-doped CBT ceramics with chemical formula of Ca_1-<em>x</em>Gd<em>_x</em>Bi₄Ti₄O₁₅ + 0.2 wt.%MnO₂ (CBT-100<em>x</em>GM, <em>x</em>=0~0.11)were prepared by the conventional sintering process. The phase and valence band structures, chemical compositions and microstructures, dielectric and ferroelectric properties, electrical conduction behaviors, electroelastic and piezoelectric properties of the ceramics were characterized. The doping concentration effects of Gd³⁺ were analyzed according to the composition-dependent structures and properties of CBT-100<em>x</em>GM. The donor substitution of Gd³⁺ for Ca²⁺ at A-site reduced the tolerance factor of perovskite-like structure and decreased the concentration of intrinsic oxygen vacancies. While Mn³⁺ tended to substitute for Ti⁴⁺ at B-site, the extrinsic oxygen vacancies are limited near the defect center of Ti(Mn) because of the formation of (V_O^••‒Mn_Ti^՜)^• as defect dipoles. The thermal depoling behavior of the CBT-100<em>x</em>GM ceramics between 300 ℃ and 700 ℃ was explained by the thermodynamics characteristics of defect dipoles. The optimized composition with <em>x</em>=0.08 (CBT-8GM) showed a high <em>T</em>_C~809 ℃ and a high <em>d</em>₃₃~23 pC/N and, as well as a <em>g</em>₃₃ value up to 21.5×10^-3 Vm/N. Moreover, it can keep a residual <em>d</em>₃₃~80% after being annealed at 700 ℃. Such a good anti-thermal depoling ability provides this material with great application potentials in the high-temperature piezoelectric devices with operating temperature exceeding 500 ℃. The synergistic enhancement in the piezoelectric activity and Curie temperature of CBT can be mainly attributed to the donor-substituting effect of Gd³⁺at A-site, as well as the decreased elastic compliance contributed by MnO₂ as the B-site dopant.