Assessment of biodegradability and biocompatibility: An experimental and comparative analysis of magnesium and magnesium-(zinc-tin)/hydroxyapatite composites

This study presents the fabrication and comparative assessment of biodegradation and biocompatibility behaviors of pure Mg, Mg/HA (Hydroxyapatite), Mg-Zn/HA, and Mg-Sn/HA composites with fixed 5 wt% HA and 1 wt% each of Zn and Sn, using novel ultrasonic-assisted rheo casting technology. Characterization techniques, including X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy integrated with energy dispersive spectroscopy, were employed to analyze phase formation, surface morphology, and elemental composition. Microhardness tests were conducted to assess indentation resistance, while in vitro corrosion performance was evaluated in simulated bodily fluid to compare degradation behavior. Results indicate a uniform distribution of reinforced particles within the matrix with minimal casting defects. Intermetallic phases MgZn and Mg 2 Sn precipitated along grain boundaries in Mg-Zn/HA and Mg-Sn/HA composites. The Mg-Sn/HA composite exhibited peak microhardness (94.8 HV) due to precipitation strengthening. In contrast, Mg-Zn/HA samples showed a low degradation rate (0.19 mm/yr) and H 2 gas evolution rate (0.035 ml/mm 2 ), attributed to uniform distribution of secondary phases and fine grains that mitigate galvanic cell formation and control degradation. Cell viability assay results demonstrated that Mg-Zn/HA composite outperformed all other samples, showing a 94% relative cell growth rate of osteosarcoma MG-63 cells after 2 h of incubation, attributed to strong apatite formation (rich in Ca and P) on the surface post-immersion, promoting cell proliferation.