Features of clinical and morphological diagnosis of esthesioneuroblastoma

The incidence of malignant neoplasms in Russia and the world is growing, and among the many malignant tumors of the main localizations, there are rare forms of cancer, mentioned in the literature as a description of single cases. Such diseases include a malignant neuroepithelial tumor arising from the olfactory neuroepithelium of the nasal cavity – esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB), which accounts for only 3 to 6% of cases of malignant neoplasms of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. In due to the rarity of this disease, there are certain difficulties in the clinical and morphological diagnosis of ENB, there is no coding of it in the ICD, and there are no uniform standards of treatment. The article presents the results of a retrospective analysis of the features of clinical and morphological diagnosis of esthesioneuroblastoma. The study was conducted using the database of the Volgograd Regional Clinical Oncology Dispensary from 2003 to 2023. At the initial histological examination, the diagnosis of esthesioneuroblastoma was established only in 6 patients (66.6 %), in three patients (33.4 %) other forms of the malignant process were diagnosed, which did not correspond to clinical manifestations. Immunohistochemical (IHC) data confirm the greatest correspondence of the immunophenotype to olfactory neuroblastoma, G3 (according to Hyams) M9522/33. The study showed that the use of IHC for differential diagnosis is mandatory and allows for more accurate identification of esthesioneuroblastoma.