QBMA-BIV: Quantum-Key-Distribution (QKD)-Based Multi-Server Authentication Scheme for Blockchain-Enabled Internet of Vehicles

With the rapid development of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) and Intelligent Transportation, connected vehicles can access a variety of latency-sensitive cloud services to improve real-time road traffic conditions, driving safety and driving comfort. However, as the number of cloud service providers (CSPs) increases, vehicles and CSPs should efficiently complete authentication to ensure consistency and timeliness of IoV services. Moreover, many services are realized via public wireless channels, which are vulnerable to various security attacks and threats. Therefore, this paper proposes a secure and efficient authentication scheme for blockchain-enabled IoV based on quantum key distribution (QKD), called QBMA-BIV. The QBMA-BIV supports efficient authentication and re-authentication between vehicles and multiple servers through the lightweight signature algorithm and the quantum authentication keys. In QBMA-BIV, the authentication phase is achieved based on the QKD network and blockchain assistance, which is not dependent on third-party trusted centers and avoids the threat of a single point of failure. Furthermore, the security analysis demonstrates that QBMA-BIV could resist potential security attacks. Performance analysis also shows that QBMA-BIV could reduce computation and communication costs by 78.58%– 86.87% and 38.39%- 81.91% compared to related schemes. Simulation and experiments show that QBMA-BIV has outstanding feasibility.