Ionic liquid–electrode interface: Classification of ions, saturation of layers, and structure-determined potentials

Progress in electrochemical applications of ionic liquids builds on an understanding of electrical double-layer. This computational study focuses on structure-determined quantities – maximum packing density, potentials, and capacitances – evaluated using a one-electrode electrical double-layer model. Interfaces of the 40 studied ions are grouped into four distinct classes according to their characteristic packing at the model surface. The simulations suggest that the exact screening by a monolayer of counter-ions (preceding the crowding of ions) is unlikely for ions in known air- and water-stable ionic liquids within their electrochemical stability window. This work discusses how the assessed structure-determined quantities can guide the experimental tuning of (electro/mechano)chemical properties and characterize the structure of ionic liquid–electrode interfaces.