Urban resilience evaluation and obstacle factor analysis of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration

Against the backdrop of rapid urbanization and regional coordination in China, urban agglomerations face pressing challenges in balancing development and resilience, making resilience assessment critical for sustainable development. Hence, this study utilizes the entropy weight TOPSIS and Obstacle Degree Model to evaluate urban resilience and identify obstacles in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration from 2010 to 2022. The results indicate that: (1) Urban resilience of all cities demonstrates an upward trend. (2) Cities and their resilience subsystems indicate some differences. (3) Ecosystem resilience consistently hampers urban resilience. (4) The main obstacle factors include the loan-to-deposit ratio, promotion of emergency knowledge, and actual utilization of foreign investment. Hence, this research suggests that policymakers should persist in the high-quality urbanization strategy, empower urban resilience with technology innovations, and foster collaborative development.