Designing 3D Object Rendering Techniques for Ultrasound Mid-Air Haptics using Intersection Strategies

Ultrasound mid-air haptic (UMH) interfaces focus acoustic energy to generate high-pressure focal points in mid-air, creating tactile sensations. When these focal points are modulated over time, they can render tactile patterns with various properties in a 3D workspace. While UMH has been used to render curves and 2D shapes, such as tactile icons, rendering 3D objects in full is nowadays an open problem, as it would require more powerful devices. To overcome this limitation, designers typically only render a representation of the intersection between the user’s hand and the virtual object. However, there is no consensus in the literature on how best to compute this intersection.