Primordial gravitational wave backgrounds from phase transitions with next generation ground based detectors

Abstract Third generation ground-based gravitational wave (GW) detectors, such as Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer, will operate in the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>few</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> Hz frequency band, with a boost in sensitivity providing an unprecedented reach into primordial cosmology. Working concurrently with pulsar timing arrays in the nHz band, and LISA in the mHz band, these 3G detectors will be powerful probes of beyond the standard model particle physics on scales <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≳</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>7</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> GeV. Here we focus on their ability to probe phase transitions (PTs) in the early Universe. We first overview the landscape of detectors across frequencies, discuss the relevance of astrophysical foregrounds, and provide convenient and up-to-date power-law integrated sensitivity curves for these detectors. We then present the constraints expected from GW observations on first order PTs and on topological defects (strings and domain walls), which may be formed when a symmetry is broken irrespective of the order of the phase transition. These constraints can then be applied to specific models leading to first order PTs and/or topological defects. In particular we discuss the implications for axion models, which solve the strong CP problem by introducing a spontaneously broken Peccei-Quinn (PQ) symmetry. For post-inflationary breaking, the PQ scale must lie in the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>11</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> GeV range, and so the signal from a first order PQ PT falls within reach of ground based 3G detectors. A scan in parameter space of signal-to-noise ratio in a representative model reveals their large potential to probe the nature of the PQ transition. Additionally, in heavy axion type models domain walls form, which can lead to a detectable GW background. We discuss their spectrum and summarise the expected constraints on these models from 3G detectors, together with SKA and LISA 7 7 Invited review for a CQG Focus Issue on the science case for next generation ground based GW detectors. .